Tox21 Assays
Tox21 assays can measure human biochemical pathways’ responses to chemicals.
Tox21 Assays
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The following table lists the Tox21 assays currently available. Review additional details about these assays.
| Assay | Assay End Point* | Cell Type | Assay Readout |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cell viability Apoptosis | Intracellular ATP, caspase-3/7 | Hek293, Jurkat, HepG2, Sh-SY5Y, SK-N-SH, BJ, HUV-EC-C, MRC-5, mesangial, kidney proximal tubules, N2a, H-4-II-E, NIH3T3 | Luminescence |
| Membrane integrity | LDH release, protease release | HEK293, mesangial | Fluorescence, luminescence |
| Mitochondrial toxicity | Membrane potential | HepG2 | Fluorescence |
| DNA damage | Micronucleus | CHO | Fluorescence |
| Cytokine | IL-8, TNF-α | THP-1 | Homogenous time-resolved fluorescence |
| Additonal cytokines | BDNF, CD31, CD62P, Eotaxin, GN-CSF, CXCL1, HGF, IFN alpha, IFN gamma, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-10, IL12 p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL17A, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-20, IL21, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, CXCL10, LIF, MCP-2, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, OPG, PDGF-BB, RANTES, SCF, TNF alpha, TNF-RII, tPA, TSLP, VEGF-A, VEGF-D | Endothelial | Luminex Fluorescent Bead Based |
| Nuclear receptor | AR, ERα, FXR, PPARα, PPARδ, PPARγ, RXR, TRβ, VDR, GR, hPXR, AhR, rPXR, CAR, ERR | Hek293, HeLa, HepG2 | β-Lactamase reporter, luciferase reporter |
| Toxicity pathway | AP-1, HIF-1α, SIE, NF-κB, HSR, ESRE, ARE/Nrf2, CREB, p53, real-time cytotoxicity and viability | ME-180,HeLa, HepG2, Hek293, CHO, HCT-116, HepG2 | β-Lactamase reporter, luciferase reporter |
| hERG channel | Thallium influx | U-2OS | Fluorescence |
| G-protein-coupled receptor/calcium signaling | TRHR, TSHR, GnRHR, CHRM1, HTR2A, KISS1R | Hek293, CHO-K1 | Fluorescence, homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence |
| G-protein-coupled receptor/cAMP signaling | DRD2, ADRB2, ADRB1 | CHO-K1, HEK293 | Fluorescence, homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence |
| Enzyme activity | AChE | SH-SY5Y | Fluorescence |
| Cytochrome P450 | CYP 1A2, CYP 2C9, CYP 2C19, CYP 2D6, CYP 3A4, and CYP26A1 | Biochemical | Luminescence |
| Developmental pathway | Retinol signaling, Hedgehog/Gli, SBE/Smad | C3H10T1/2, 3T3, HEK 293T | Luciferase reporter, fluorescence |
| Transcriptomics | Transcriptomic changes across multiple pathways | Many | RNASeq |
| *AChE, acetylcholinesterase; AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; AP-1, activator protein-1; AR, androgen receptor; ARE/Nrf2, antioxidant response element/NF-E2 related factor 2; CAR, constitutive androstane receptor; CREB, cAMP response element binding; ERα, estrogen receptor α; ERR, estrogen-related receptor; ESRE, endoplasmic reticulum stress response element; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; hPXR, human pregnane X receptor; HSR, heat shock response element; IL-8, interleukin-8; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; PPARδ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; rPXR, rat pregnane X receptor; RXR, retinoid X receptor; SBE/Smad, Smad binding element; SIE, sis-inducible element; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; TRβ, thyroid hormone receptor β; TRHR, thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor; TSHR, thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor; VDR, vitamin D receptor. | |||